Civil Engineering Information

A vertical portion with an effective length is three times the vertical member’s length. A column is a structure capable of sustaining compressive stresses with the minimum lateral dimension. From beams or slabs to footings or foundations, columns carry loads. In the case of frames and trusses, struts are slanted members that carry compressive loads. The pedestal is a vertical compression part less than three times the column’s length in effective length. Its lateral dimension is the smallest.

Columns carry axial loads; hence they are intended for compression. The columns can bend due to additional factors such as snow, wind, or other horizontal forces. The columns were designed to handle Axial Load and Bending.

Spiral Column:
Spiral Columns are normally cylindrical with continuous spiral bars wrapped around them. The spiral column’s helical reinforcement, also known as spiral reinforcement, is another name for the reinforcement employed in the spinal column. Spiral reinforcement helps to provide transverse support. In the case of a spiral column, the spiral restricts the concrete’s lateral expansion. Spiral columns are employed where flexibility is necessary or increased strength is cost-effective due to high loads.

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What is Plywood?
Plywood is a type of composite wood. It’s made using wood veneers taken from hardwoods, softwoods, and other types of trees. Although higher-grade plywood is pressed and heated in more complicated ways, these wood veneers are usually bonded together.

Since plywood has more sturdy surfaces than 24 logs, it is preferable. It is because plywood does not expand when moisture is applied across the board’s grain. Aside from that, plywood is resistant to cracking, shrinking, breaking, and warping due to the procedures it goes through. It’s usually placed in furniture like cabinets, cupboards, television units, dressing tables, center tables, dining tables, and in building projects like bracing, panels, and ornamental objects.

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What are Stones?
Stones are made up of two or more minerals that make up rocks, which make up the earth’s crust and have no specific shape or chemical composition. In regions where it is naturally accessible, stones are one of the most significant building materials in stone masonry civil engineering. The stones used in building construction should be strong, robust, and tough, with no weathered soft spots of material, fractures, or other faults that would reduce their strength and longevity. Quarrying from large solid rocks is used to obtain stones for construction.

Uses of Stones:
Stones are used in various applications in construction, such as:

• Masonry, comprising pillars, swags, entrances, and decorative embellishments.
• Tiles and cladding for the floor and walls.
• Surrounds for fires, stairwells, and other decorative components
• Aggregate.
• Ballast.
• Concrete, mortar, cement, asphalt, and some bricks contain it.
• Paving.
• Roofing materials.
• Work surfaces and tabletops in the kitchen.
• Countertops, shower trays, and basins for the bathroom.

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A set of regulations that describe the norm for created things such as buildings and non-building structures is known as a building regulation, building control, or building code. To receive planning clearance, which is normally granted by a local council, a building must adhere to the code. Each municipality and urban development body in India has its own set of building codes that must be followed for all construction within their jurisdiction.

Fig 1: Bureau of Indian Standards logo

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Rollers are huge construction machines that compress earth, concrete, gravel, crushed stone, or asphalt on construction sites surfaces. They are extensively utilized in road building and compact foundations on major construction sites and rely on their weight, combined with other mechanisms such as vibration and kneading, to compress the surface. There are different types of rollers ideal for different types of compaction.

The rolling method ensures that foundations are properly compacted and that materials are compact and do not come free, and road rollers are well-known in the building business. The road roller has several components, including diesel engines a canopy to protect the driver. This drum can be either vibratory or static, a compaction meter to measure the level of compaction, a water system, and tires.
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What are Traps in Plumbing?
A trap is a mechanism that prevents sewer gases from entering the structure. The traps hold a little water and are situated underneath or within a plumbing fixture. The holding water provides a water seal, which prevents foul gases from drain pipes from returning to the structure. As a result, traps are installed in all plumbing fixtures such as sinks, washbasins, bathtubs, and toilets.

Drain lines are designed to drain water from any water-using device or fixture in the home. It is connected to the main sewer system. As a result, there should be a trap in the pipe that can be used to seal the drain. A net is installed in the gully trap to keep debris out. The water seal’s height in the gully trap is 60 and 70 mm.

The plumbing traps are of high quality. A bent pipe is employed to create a water seal in any trap. You may have seen floor traps, alley traps, p-traps, and other design traps in your house plumbing fixtures.
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The home-building and remodeling industry has seen many construction materials utilized to improve a building’s functioning and aesthetic appeal. Gypsum board is one such product.

What is a Gypsum Board?
A collection of panel goods is referred to as “gypsum board.” These have a non-combustible gypsum core with paper surfacing front, back, and long edges. The term “gypsum panel products” refers to the various gypsum boards used in building and construction. The basis of all gypsum board products is gypsum, but the surface can be wrapped in various materials, including paper and fiberglass matting.

Drywall, wallboard, and plasterboard are used to describe gypsum boards. They differ from other panel-type shelters, and road and building products, such as plywood, hardboard, and fiberboard, due to their non-combustible core and paper facers. Gypsum wallboard creates a continuous surface suited for various interior design projects, both residential and commercial when their seams and fastener heads are covered with a joint compound system.
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Bricks are rectangular units of uniform dimensions. Clay is used to making bricks. In construction, there are different types of brick. When stone is not accessible, bricks are commonly utilized as a substitute. Brick is a common building material made of clay and comes in rectangular shapes. Because of their inexpensive cost and long lifespan, they have remained popular since ancient times.

Advantages of Bricks Used in Construction:

• Brick is fire-resistant and can sustain high temperatures.
• Brick is a long-lasting and sturdy material.
• .Individual brick problems can be solved without tearing down and rebuilding the entire structure.
• For environmental protection, brick does not require the use of paints
• Clay that is readily available aids in the production of bricks in the local area, reducing shipping expenses. It could suggest that brick construction is less expensive than stone, concrete, or steel construction.

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What Grillage Foundation?
Grillage foundations are made of one, two, or more levels of beams (usual steel) superimposed on a layer of concrete to distribute load across a large area. It is found at the bottom of the columns. These layers are concrete-encased and at right angles to one another. This foundation form commonly supports heavy building columns, piers, and scaffolds.

Even though foundation and grillage appear to be the same, they are not. Grillage disperses huge loads across broad areas, similar to how foundations distribute the load from the structure to the ground.

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What is Vaulted Ceiling?
A vaulted ceiling slopes up toward the roof and extends higher than average flat ceilings’ typical eight to ten-foot height. Arched, barrel, cathedral, domed, groin, and rib are some of the most popular vaulted ceilings, each with its structure. Originally used to designate ceilings with a self-supporting arch in classical architectural design, the word “vaulted ceiling” is now commonly used to describe any sloped, high ceiling.

During the middle ages, vaulted ceilings were a significant element of Gothic and Roman churches and basilicas (public buildings). Still, over time, they progressively became the ceilings of some traditional, modern, and industrial-style dwellings. A vaulted ceiling differs from other types of ceilings in that it extends from the building’s side walls to the central point, creating a great volume of overhead space.

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