Highway Engineering

Introduction
Raised pavement markers are reflectors on roads provided for safety purposes. These can be made up of ceramic, plastic, fibre, metal, concrete, glass, steel, etc. of various shapes and sizes. There are also non-reflector raised pavement markers like that of ceramic but these have disadvantages as they are not effective during night time. Nowadays, such reflectors have in-built light in them that emit lights which keep on blinking at night for safety purposes. Some other names for specific types of raised pavement markers include convex vibration lines, Botts’ dots, delineators, cat’s eyes, road studs, or road turtle.

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Asphalt will deteriorate almost quickly, causing road distresses to appear, regardless of how well a road is designed. Traffic, dampness, and a lack of preventive maintenance treatment are all factors that speed up the deterioration of a road. Depending on the method used, mending a pothole on the road might be simple or complex. In some circumstances, dumping a mixture into a pothole, compacting it with a shovel, and turning away is a simple procedure. In other cases, pulverizing the pothole and laying down new pavement may be necessary. The sort of asphalt repair procedure required is determined by the nature and severity of the damages to an asphalt road. It is important to note that the longer it is taken to repair damaged asphalt, the worse the damage will become. Extensive damage is also more expensive since it necessitates more difficult repair methods, including removal, replacement, or resurfacing. As a general guideline, it is essential to inspect asphalt road for damage once a week or once a month, depending on how much traffic it receives. Parking lots with a lot of traffic will undoubtedly require more upkeep than those with less traffic. Thus, it is necessary to implement procedures as per the hole sizes along with their nature.
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By
GUTTA.GURUKRISHNA

Abstract
The evolution of innovative printing techniques in the three-dimensional world goes on. Before we reported about the amazing rapid prototyping revolution, about printers that are able to print complete buildings and about the inkjet printer for streets. Now there is also the road printer. The Tiger Stone brick printer makes road construction as easy as laying laminate flooring. BLDGBLOG considers the invention of the Dutch company to be a real “road printer”.

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By
G.H V SAI SIMHA ¹
1. Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering, K L University, Vaddeswaram, Guntur.

ABSTRACT
Harm in adaptable asphalts happen because of the development of overwhelming vehicles and change in climatic conditions. The primary parameters that cause the damage of the asphalt layer are fatigue
cracking and rutting. Cracking can be prevented by maintaining specified temperature during the process of preparation of mix to laying of bituminous mixes. In this way, to keep the rutting, the groove safe blends like Stone lattice black-top also called STONE MATRIX ASPHALT (SMA) must be utilized as a part of the bituminous layers. In this undertaking SMA is chosen to check its execution in all viewpoints, for example, stability (kg), deformation (mm), , volume of voids in mineral aggregates(VMA), with the expansion of fillers. The utilization of mechanical by-items utilized as fillers enhances the building properties of STONE MATRIX ASPHALT (SMA) mixtures. The expanded solidness because of the expansion of the filler is spoken to by an expansion in the softening point, viscosity, stability, and resilient modulus, and also abatement in entrance or decrease in penetration. In this venture the distinctive fillers like glass powder, magnetite (iron pellets), cement kiln dust, and filler fly fiery debris or filler fly ash have been utilized. All out 12 sets of test examples were set up by utilizing distinctive sorts of filler having diverse sum in the mixture. The Marshall properties got for the fillers uncover that, flyash remains filler, examples have been found to display higher stability contrasted with glass powder, cement kiln dust, magnetite. What’s more, magnetite filler indicated least deformation at 6 % bitumen content and the rate of air voids were observed to be diminished with the expansion of bitumen substance.

Keywords: stone matrix asphalt, filler, stability, deformation, Cement kiln dust, magnetite, glass powder, fly ash

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By
Pradip Kandel
Build Change,
Kathmandu, Nepal

1. ABSTRACT
In this paper, an overview of the advances in findings regarding the study of the self-healing mechanism in the bituminous binder with emphasis on its implicationin the durability of the asphaltic pavements is presented. The pavement losses itsstrength, durability and required level of performance due to fatigue failure of the asphaltic layers under the repeated cycles of traffic loading ,temperature extremities, environmental factors such as moisture, rainfall etc. The ‘’self-healing’’ of the pavements eliminates the premature ageing and failure of the pavements and hence reduces the need of the frequent and costly maintenance of the pavements lowering the life cycle cost, eliminates the obstruction in the smooth traffic flow due to maintenance and rehabilitation. The basic principle behind the self-healing is using the material property to detect the progressing damage and repair the damage(itself or by external intervention). Several projects were conducted in the TU Delft regarding bacterial healing of the concrete, fiber reinforced cementiousmaterials. Also, the practice such as mixing rejuvenator microcapsules in the mix, Induction heating (steel wool fiber mixed in bitumen).The self-healing of the pavements has yet not been fully understood and still under research. Many of the researches whetherit be by F. hammoum etal., by Feng Su et al., by Enieb et al.,Gracia et al. ,by Barrasa et. al. give several important understanding about the self-healing mechanism in the flexible asphalt pavements .This paper goes through the important researches, findings and gaps and shortcomings in them and publications till now regarding the aforementioned topic .

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By
Er. Navneet Kumar
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ITM UNIVERSITY, GWALIOR

Abstract
“License to drive is not a license to kill”. The unscrupulous growing population has created many problems in country like India. One of the challenging ones being car parking which we confront almost every day. Besides the problem of space for cars moving on the road, greater is the problem of space for a parked vehicle considering that private vehicles remain parked for most of their time. While residential projects still escape with designated parking, the real problem lies with commercial spaces many a time which is overcome by taking extra open spaces to park.
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By
Balamuraliarumugam, ISTE124
(Civil, LMPC/ DOTE, India)

ABSTRACT :
Skybus is the latsest, economical, eco-friendly, reliable and most innovative but simple mode of transportation developed by Konkan Railway as a rail based futurristic urban mass transit system.Sky bus failed in Metro city but it will be a grate success in Mountainous Region in lifting passenger and cargo to remote regions of Himalaya.

Keywords – Aesthetic, Eco-friendly, DisasterManagement, Rapid Transport system, Destruction.

I . INTRODUCTION
In June 2013, a multi-day cloudburst centered on the North Indian state of Uttarakhand caused devastating floods and landslides in the country’s worst natural disaster since the 2004 tsunami. Though parts of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh in India, some regions of Western Nepal, and some parts of Western Tibet also experienced heavy rainfall, over 95% of the casualties occurred in Uttarakhand. As of 16 July 2013, according to figures provided by the Uttarakhand government, more than 5,700 people were “presumed dead.” This total included 934 local residents. Destruction of bridges and roads left about 100,000 pilgrims and tourists trapped in the valleys leading to three of the four Hindu Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites The Indian Air Force, the Indian Army, and paramilitary troops evacuated more than 110,000 people from the flood ravaged area. If we have built Sky Bus in this Region the Scale of damage to life may have been reduced. Rapid transport system like Sky Bus can be build between the valleys and reduce the distance by half the time by the Road. Alignment of Sky Bus Route should be selected in such way the Maximum city in the mountain region is covered. Sky bus is failed in Metro city but it will be Success in Mountainous Region. This can used as Disaster Management in rescue effort in evacuating people from the Region even road and Bridges are damaged in disaster prone area.

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By
Prof. B. E. Gite, Mr.Momin Soyal Abjal
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner

Abstract
There are three major types of asphalt surfacing, characterized by a mixture of bitumen and stone aggregate. These are: Dense Graded asphalt (DGA); Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and Open Graded Asphalt (OGA). Asphalt surfacing differ by the proportion of different size aggregate, the amount of bitumen added and the presence of other additives and material. The first aim of this study is to provide an updated systematic review of the evaluation of stone mastic asphalt in construction. This paper entitled “Stone Mastic Asphalt.” aims studying Objectives, construction material composition, economy achieving by using waste materials and advantages over the conventional mixes. Accurate quantification of aggregate gradation is essential for a better understanding of its effect on the load-carrying capacity of an asphalt mixture and Volumetric analysis of the aggregate. study investigates the benefits of stabilizing the stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture in flexible pavement with shredded waste plastic and use of baggase in the SMA.

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By
Prof. B. E. Gite, Mr. Yogesh S. Nagare
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner

Abstract
“Continuously reinforced concrete pavement” as the title suggests this type of pavement is reinforced throughout in longitudinal direction. This type of pavement has no transverse joints unless and until there is end of pavement or the pavement comes in contact with some other pavement or bridge. A longitudinal joint exists only if the road is wider than 14 feet. Due to reduction of joints smooth and continuous riding is possible resulting in fuel saving. Also CRCP roads are maintenance free if properly constructed and care is taken while placement of steel. Once CRCP roads are constructed they need not to be taken care of for the next 50-60 years. The principal behind this roads is that “Let the road crack”, exactly opposite as in case of other type of roads where we avoid crack formation at any cost. CRCP is allowed to crack due to which stresses in the pavement are released. The cracks formed are held tightly by the reinforcement, due to which widening and deepening of cracks is restricted. Hence we can conclude that in CRCP controlled cracking is permitted. The initial cost of CRCP is high, but as it is maintenance free, and lasts for decades, overall cost of CRCP is less as compared to other type of reinforced concrete pavements. Study and observations have shown that this type of roads are alarmingly successful, hence CRCP is widely used in USA, GERMANY, BRITAN, and several other developed and developing nations. Use of CRCP will enhance the cement, and steel industries; it will reduce the fuel consumption by vehicles, and will save lots of money required for frequent construction and repairs of other type of pavements.
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By Prof. Madhuri K. Rathi, Mr. Patil Vivek Prabhakar
Amrutvahini College of Engineering, Sangamner

Abstract
To perform travel demand estimation for any city using conventional four step demand modeling, it would involve lot of time and resources. As of now, to understand the travel demand for a particular city using available parameters there are no ready reference models are available. Considering this, an attempt has been made in this paper to model the travel prediction using the readily available parameters. About six models were developed utilizing various parameters such as Population, Average Household Income, Road Network Length and area of the city. The models developed were validated by conducting the households’ surveys in two Cites Durgapur and Gwalior. Among the six models developed, the predicted values based on Population and City area are very close to the observed values of Durgapur and Gwalior cities.
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