Research Papers

By
Paul Pop, Rashmi Kulranjan, Nived Uthaiah. P, Radhika V G
St Joseph’s College, Bengaluru

Mahesh Kashyap, Consultant, Bengaluru

ABSTRACT
Noise pollution can be defined as the unwanted sound that is released to the environment and disturbing the human beings. Sources of noise pollution include industrial sources, non-industrial sources, vehicles, uncontrolled use of loud speakers, construction activities such as drilling, etc. Noise levels from vehicles through engines and horns are the main cause of concern in cities and may potentially contribute about 60% of total noise pollution. An attempt was made to measure noise levels emanating from vehicles on selected roads within a radius of approximately two kilometers from St Joseph’s College. These are major roads that witness heavy traffic during peak and non-peak hours. Traffic volume and noise levels were measured at various junctions on these roads during peak and non-peak hours. The study also includes remedial measures that can be implemented to reduce the noise levels.

Keywords: Noise, Vehicles, Pollution, Decibels
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BY
UKPONG, E. C and ABARAOGU, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.
and
UDECHUKWU JOHN Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering University of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT
The description and location of geologic formations and water-bearing zones within the study area are discussed. The geologic aquifer in the area are the upper, medium and lower sands. Pumping test and soil sample data were obtained from Ifa Atai, State Secretariat and Ewet Housing Estate all in Uyo metropolis were analysed. The analysis reveals the following Aquifer and well characteristics, permeability (3.74-20.952) m/d, transmissivity (146.13-914.63) m²/d, storativity (0.141-0.181), specific capacity (4.26-28.69) m³/h/m, well efficiency (77.31-95.03%), expected drawdown (4.36-29.34)m. The result shows that the geologic formation have good water-bearing formations with medium sand being predominant. Draw down values after prolonged pumping test are indicative of high well productivity. Generally the aquifers in the study area are permeable and of high storage capacity.

Keywords: Pumping test, soil sample data, geologic formations, aquifer, permeability, and specific capacity.

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By
1) KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer
Roorkee
Kaushal Kishore is retired from IIT, Roorkee and now a Consulting Materials Engineer. He has over 50 years of experience in all types of Concrete Mix Design.

2) RAKESH SHARMA
Vice President Project
Supertech Limited
Rakesh Sharma is Vice President Project of M/s Supertech Limited. He has 28 years of experience in Construction.

I.T. Park, Doon Square Mall at Dehradun, Uttarakhand is being constructed by M/s Supertech Ltd. For this site M-30 grade of concrete suitable for pumped concrete is required. Aggregates for construction was stored at site. Its analysis report is given in Table 2.

For laboratory trial 5 brands of PPC cement bags were taken from local market. They were identified as cement brand, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Two reputed brands of normal superplasticizers based on sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde (SNF) were taken for trials. They were identified as SP (A) and SP (B) to find their compatibility with the given 5 brands of PPC cement identified as cement brand 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.

COMPATIBILITY
The behavior of concrete in the presence of superplasticizers is related to the amount and type of sulfate added to the clinker. The rheological and setting Behavior are changed depending on whether the sulfate is added as anhydrite, hemihydrates, or gypsum. The difference are explained by the different rates of dissolution of these sulfates.
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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

For concrete roads, flexural strength of concrete is the design criteria. For all major projects, flexural strength of the mix shall be determine by third point loading of flexural beams size 150 mm x 150 mm x 700 mm as per IS: 516. Determination of flexural strength by correlating with cube strength (compressive strength) shall not be allowed for major projects, as the correlation is not well established.

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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Strength of concrete is commonly considered its most valuable property, although in many practical cases, other characteristics, such as durability and permeability, may in fact be more important. However, the strength of concrete is almost invariably a vital element of structural design and is specified for compliance purposes.

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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

A simple method of concrete mix design for pumpable concrete based on an estimated weight of the concrete per unit volume is described in the paper. The tables and figures presented are worked out by the author from a wide range of Indian materials. The method is suitable for normal weight concrete with admixture.

INTRODUCTION
Pumped concrete may be defined as concrete that is conveyed by pressure through either rigid pipe or flexible hose and discharged directly into the desired area. Pumping may be used for most all concrete construction, but is especially useful where space or access for construction equipment is limited.
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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

The time lag (usually 3 to 28 days) between concrete placement and the evaluation of cube strength is a primary deficiency of the current quality control method used in concrete construction. The development of accelerated curing techniques have reduced the lag time to 24 to 48 hours. But even the 24 hours time is sufficient to allow the concrete to set and harden in the form prior to the testing of the accelerated cubes. This paper describes the method for determination of water-cement ratio of the mix discharged from the mixer and conjunction with air-content tests can predict 28-days strength of concrete in 15 minutes, so that any mix found sub-standard should not be allowed for placement.

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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Determination of compressive strength of concrete, either accelerated or normal 28-days, takes such a long time that remedial action for defective concrete cannot be under-taken at an early stage. By the time cube strength results indicate low strength, it is too late to do any remedy for the defective concrete which has already set in the form, Further in whole day of concreting work, cubes are filled from only a few batches of concrete which do not actually represent the strength of the entire concrete mass being used in the construction. This shows the limitations of cube strength test for the quality control of concrete.

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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

UPPER AND LOWER GANGES CANAL
The upper ganges canal is the original ganges canal, which starts at the Bhimgoda Barrage near Har Ki Puri at Haridwar, running at the centre of Roorkee, at right bank of canal is Roorkee city and at left bank is Civil Lines, IIT, Roorkee, Bengal Sappers and Minors, traverses Meerut and Bulandshahr and continues to Nanu in Aligarh district, where it bifurcates into the Kanpur and Etawah branches.

A channel from a barrage at Narora intersects the canal system 48 km downstream from Nanu, and continues past the sengar river and Sersa River past Shikohabad in Mainpuri district to become the Bhognipur branch which was uponed in 1880. This Bhognipur branch, together with the Kanpur and Etawah branches, is known as the lower ganges canal. The canal is administratively divided into the upper Ganges canal from Haridwar to Aligarh, with some branches, and the lower Ganges Canal which constitutes several branches below Aligarh.

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By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

It is supposed that concrete should give satisfactory service to its entire life. However problems arises, if care is not taken during construction blemish appears on the surface of a concrete slab, it will likely to be one of these: bilisters, cracking, crazing, curling, delamination, discoloration. DUSTING, efflorescence, low spots, popouts, scaling or spelling. This paper will give the details about dusting.

DUSTING
Formation of loose powder resulting from disintegration of surface of hardened concrete is called dusting or chalking and this is composed of water, cement and fine particles. The concrete surface powder under any kind of traffic, and also surface can be easily scratched with nail or even by sweeping.
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