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By
Sourav Dutta
Manager-Civil
We generally designate stirrups by its external dimensions. For example, a 250mm x 300mm stirrup has the 250mm and 300mm dimensions in perpendicular directions as shown in Fig 1.
Now a stirrup has 2 bends, types of which are shown in Fig 1 and Fig 4. Guideline of minimum bend length is as per Cl.3.8 of BIS2502 (shown in Fig 3).
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By
Sourav Dutta
Manager-Civil
Brand embossing
On rebar pieces, different items are encrypted in the following manner:
Here, X = Dia of rebar in mm, eg, 20
ABCD = Brand of rebar, eg, TATA TISCON / SAIL / JSPL etc
Y = Yield stress of rebar, eg, 500 indicates Fe500 with yield stress=500 Mpa
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By
Sourav Dutta
Manager-Civil
There are a number of ways in which the superstructure can be built. In areas where average to good quality bricks are available, the walls of houses for two to three storeyed constructions can be built out of bricks with the slabs, lintels, chajja etc. in reinforced concrete. Such construction is supported entirely on load bearing brick walls (Fig 1), foundation of which ultimately transfers the building load to underneath soil.
Fig 1: Load Bearing Construction on brick
Fig 2: RCC framed construction
By
Sourav Dutta
Manager-Civil
What is Foundation?
Any structure can be divided into 2 parts:
1. Superstructure: Part of structure above Ground level (GL)
2. Substructure/ Foundation: Part of structure below GL
Components of foundation:
Typically there are 3 components of foundation: (i) Footing, (ii) Column, (iii) Tie beam (refer to picture below)
What is a footing?
Footing is that part of substructure that ultimately transfers the load (dead/live/wind/seismic) to the supporting soil in such a way that the safe load bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded (refer to table 1 for estimation of the safe load bearing capacity of the soil). Footing is a structure constructed in brick work masonry or RCC (refer to figure 1) under the base of a wall or RCC column for distributing the load over a large area.
By
Sourav Dutta
Manager-Civil
What is slab?
A RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) slab is the most common structural element of any type of building. Horizontal slabs, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500 millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings.Here discussion on “flat slab” has not been considered.
Typical loads to be considered for slab design
(i) Dead load: Any permanent load acting on the slab e.g. self-weight of slab, weight of floor finish & plaster
(ii) Live Load: Any non-permanent or moving load e.g. weight of occupants, furniture, and partitionon the slab
(iii) Snow load (if any)
Note: Earthquake and Wind loads are not considered in the design of slabs.
By
Sourav Dutta
Manager-Civil
Introduction
There are a number of ways in which the superstructure can be built. In areas where average to good quality bricks are available, the walls of houses for two to three storeyed constructions can be built out of bricks with the slabs, lintels, chajja etc. in reinforced concrete. Such construction is termed as load bearing construction (Fig 1). This is essentially because the entire load coming from the slabs, beams, walls etc is transmitted to the foundation through the brick walls.
1. Introduction
There are lots of methods and test, that we can use for assessing the quality of construction sand or Common sand. But when it comes to the case of site practices, the methods like bulk density, bulkage, specific gravity test etc, become difficult or up to an extent impossible. There comes the importance of Sieve test on fine aggregates.
Sieve testing is one of the very fast methods of checking the quality of construction sand. Even though, the result of sieve test cannot be considered as the final result to ensure the quality of sand.
By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee
Most of our construction sites do not have field-testing laboratory. In this paper simple test methods of construction materials are described which could be performed without any machine or special equipments.
1. TEST FOR ORGANIC IMPURITIES IN FINE AGGREGATE
The aggregate must be checked for organic impurities such as decayed vegetations, humus, and coal dust, etc. Colour test is a reliable indicator of the presence of harmful organic matter in aggregates except in areas where there are deposits of lignite.
Procedure:
a) Fill a 350 ml clear glass medicine bottle upto 75 ml mark with a 3% solution of caustic soda or sodium hydroxide.
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Here are some topics which you can use for your projects if you have chosen Seismic or Earthquake Engineering. You are free to add more project topics via comment section below.
1 Seismic Retrofitting Of Buildings
2 Seismic Behavior Analysis Of Bridges
3 Failure Of Foundation Due To Earthquake
4 Advanced Earthquake Resistant Techniques
5 Innovations In Earthquake Proof Structures
6 Seismic Behavior & Design Of RC Shear Walls
7 Earthquake & Earthquake Resistant Techniques
8 The Seismic Controlling Methods And Devices
9 Role Of Building Codes In Seismic Assessment.
10 Analysis For Seismic Retrofitting Of Buildings
11 Energy Dissipation Devices For Seismic Design.
12 Seismic Analysis and Up-gradation Of Structures
13 Earthquake Resistant Design and its Importance.
14 Steel Bracing Of RC Frames For Seismic Retrofitting
15 Recent Advances In Seismic Retrofitting Of RC Frames.
16 Calculation Of Earthquake – Actions On Building Structures
17 Evaluation Of Earthquake Affected Structure Using NDT WRT.
18 Earthquake Vibration Control Using Modified Frame-shear Wall
19 Seismic Response Of RC Frame Building With First Soft Storey
20 Seismic Design Force For Single-span Slab-girder Skewed Bridges
21 Development Length Requirements In Seismic Force-resisting Members
22 Response Spectrum Modelling For Regions Lacking Earthquake Records
23 Seismic Retrofitting Of RC Buildings Using Traditional Techniques.
24 An Investigation Of Joints Behavior In Seismic Response Of Arch Dams
25 Seismic Resistance Verification Of Confined Masonry Using Shock Table Studies
26 Earthquake Resistant Construction Of R.C.C Building And Construction Practices
27 Brick Masonry Building Model With Seismic Bands Under The Action Of Base Motion
28 Aspects Of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Special References To Non Engineered Construction
29 An Investigation Of Design Issues related to Seismic Performance Of Pile-to-pile Cap Connections
30 Studies On Strength And Behavior Of Composite Tubes For Earthquake Resistant Industrial Structures
31 Studies On Sleeved Composite Columns Confined With Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer(gfrp) For Seismic Resistance
32 Comparative Strength Analysis Of Rubbers And Cement And Mortar-encased Steel Composite Columns For Seismic Resistance
33 Shear Reinforcement At Slab-column Connections Of Slabs That Are Not Part Of The Lateral-force-resisting System Of A Building In A High Seismic Design Category
If you have any suggestion or feedback do comment below. Help other engineers by suggesting more engineering topics for presentations and reports below. In case you find any error or duplication in the above list, just comment below.
Following are few topics which can be used for your Project Works. You can choose the project from the list below depending on your field of interest and your project duration.
1 Lime -Flyash – Soil Blocks
2 Plastic As Soil Stabilizer
3 Study on Soil-cement Blocks?
4 Bricks From Black Cotton Soil
5 Study On Stablised Soil Blocks
6 Definition Of Soil Liquefaction
7 Use Of Plastic As Soil Stabilizer
8 Strength Properties Of Bhalki Soil
9 Burnt Bricks From Black Cotton Soil
10 Plysoil Reinforced With Geotextiles
11 Geojute Febrics – As Soil Stabiliser
12 Flyash -Cement Stabilized Soil Blocks
13 Studies On Soil Cement Block Mansonry
14 Engineering Aspects Of Reinforced Soil
15 Soil Distribution And Engineering Problems
16 Soil Stabilised Pressed Blocks Using Red Soil
17 Stabilization And Compaction Of Soil: Fly Ash
18 A New Method To Determine Plastic Limit Of Soil
19 Stabilisation Of Soil With Lime For Rural Roads
20 Characteristic Study Of Bc Soil Of Budni Village
21 Strength Of Reinforced Soil Beams Under Flexture
22 Atudy Of Local Soils For Ammed Earth Construction
23 Effect Of Chrome Tanning Effluent On Cohesive Soils
24 Stabilization Of Soft Soils Using Industrial Wastes
25 Study Of Distressed Buildings On Black Cotton Soils
26 Study the Pile-soil relation of a construction site
27 The Role Of Soils In Purifying Wastewater Effluents
28 Soil Stabilization With Rice Husk Ash And Lime Sludge
29 Studies On Black Cotton Soil Mixed Copper Mines Waste
30 Causes of Soil Liquefaction and how can we prevent it?
In case you find any error or duplication in the above list, just comment below. You are also free to add more topics in the list by commenting below.
