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A set of regulations that describe the norm for created things such as buildings and non-building structures is known as a building regulation, building control, or building code. To receive planning clearance, which is normally granted by a local council, a building must adhere to the code. Each municipality and urban development body in India has its own set of building codes that must be followed for all construction within their jurisdiction.
Fig 1: Bureau of Indian Standards logo
Like an open caisson, a well foundation built on the dry bed or after the sand island has been built. Wells can be dug on the river bank and floated to their final location if the water velocity is high and the depth is greater than 5 to 6 meters. When grounding a well, extreme caution is used to ensure that the well is in the proper position. Sandbags are placed around the well. Due to its weight, the well may sink 500 mm to 600 mm into the river. The procedure for sinking wells on the dry bed is identical to that of the wet bed.
What is a Column?
Columns are rigid vertical structural components meant to support axial compressive loads from beams and slabs and then transfer them to the ground via footings. The various loads created in a structure are carried by column to footings and footings to the soil. As a result, the column is critical to the overall load transfer mechanism, and the structure would be incomplete without it.
However, not every vertical member must be a column. A column is defined as a member with a length greater than three times its smallest cross-sectional size. If this criterion is not met, the vertical part is referred to as a strut.
The strength of a column is determined by the material employed, its geometry, form, cross-section size, and its length and position about the support condition at both ends.
Bricks are rectangular units of uniform dimensions. Clay is used to making bricks. In construction, there are different types of brick. When stone is not accessible, bricks are commonly utilized as a substitute. Brick is a common building material made of clay and comes in rectangular shapes. Because of their inexpensive cost and long lifespan, they have remained popular since ancient times.
Advantages of Bricks Used in Construction:
What Grillage Foundation?
Grillage foundations are made of one, two, or more levels of beams (usual steel) superimposed on a layer of concrete to distribute load across a large area. It is found at the bottom of the columns. These layers are concrete-encased and at right angles to one another. This foundation form commonly supports heavy building columns, piers, and scaffolds.
Even though foundation and grillage appear to be the same, they are not. Grillage disperses huge loads across broad areas, similar to how foundations distribute the load from the structure to the ground.
What is Vaulted Ceiling?
A vaulted ceiling slopes up toward the roof and extends higher than average flat ceilings’ typical eight to ten-foot height. Arched, barrel, cathedral, domed, groin, and rib are some of the most popular vaulted ceilings, each with its structure. Originally used to designate ceilings with a self-supporting arch in classical architectural design, the word “vaulted ceiling” is now commonly used to describe any sloped, high ceiling.
During the middle ages, vaulted ceilings were a significant element of Gothic and Roman churches and basilicas (public buildings). Still, over time, they progressively became the ceilings of some traditional, modern, and industrial-style dwellings. A vaulted ceiling differs from other types of ceilings in that it extends from the building’s side walls to the central point, creating a great volume of overhead space.
What is Bridge Abutment?
The bridge abutment is crucial at the bridge’s end, supporting the bridge’s superstructure. It also links to the ground-level road and supports the bridge via the abutment. The infill material supports the bridge path.
The location of the site and the function of the need determine which abutment is utilized in the bridge. Abutment comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The use of an abutment is determined by the cost and type of the abutment concerning the site location.
Fig 1: Bridge Abutment
Courtesy: terre-armee.com
What is Spread Footing?
Spread footings are commonly utilized to support each column of a building and the piers of a bridge. Construction of these footings is both cost-effective and economical. It works well in any soil with sufficient load-bearing capacity. Spread footing comes in various forms and sizes, including square, round, and rectangular. With stresses applied upward, this footing can operate as an inverted cantilever.
For the construction of spread footings, structural design codes and specifications assume a linear soil pressure distribution. As a result, designing spread footing is a lot easier.
What is Lintel?
Doors and windows are not only necessary parts of a building’s structure, but they also serve as vulnerable spots in the exterior shell. Creating an entrance in a building necessitates sound engineering since it is necessary to preserve structural and thermal stability—a lintel used in this situation.
A lintel is a beam that spans entrances in buildings such as doors, windows, and other openings to sustain the load from the structure above. The lintel beam’s width equals the wall’s width, and its end is built into the wall—lintels classified according to the material used in their construction.
Lintels are typically rectangular, support a wall over a door or window, and anchor the door and window frames wherever utilized. Lintels built of wood, stone, brick, reinforced brickwork, reinforced concrete, or rolling steel pieces embedded in cement concrete. Lintels are typically employed for load-bearing purposes, although they can also use as decorative elements.
What is Arch?
An arch is a curved architectural shape that takes loads around an entrance and transfers them to abutments, jambs, or piers on either side of the arch’s profile. Since the Etruscans, arches have been a popular architectural feature, credited with inventing them, though the Romans refined and popularized them. Many other structural forms, such as vaults, arcades, and bridges, have evolved from the techniques used to design and construct arches.
There are no tensile stresses in arches because they are compressive constructions. They are self-supporting and are held in compression by the force of gravity acting on their weight. It makes them extremely stable and efficient, allowing them to span greater distances and carry heavier weights than horizontal beams.
