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Why our cities are flooding?

By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Many cities tend to expand, changing their original land and waterscapes so they become prone to flooding.

CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. Over population

In 1947 India’s population was 34 crores, now in 2024 India population is 144.2 crores increasing at the rate of 3.5 crore per year. China present population is 142.5 crore and they have controlled their population.

The land area of India is 3.3 million sq.km and China 9.6 million sq.km. Our population is more than China but our land area is about 37 percent of China land area . One of route cause of our problems is overpopulation. Our land and environment can hold only a limited population.

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Types of Loads on Buildings

Introduction
Analysis of structures is important for safe design and serviceability to resist loads coming from various sources. These loads re taken into account while designing so that the building does not fail under the application of these loads. These loads may be in the form of uniformly distributed load, concentrated load, triangular load and so on. All these have various points of application and so the center of mass is to be detected for making the calculations easy in every aspect. For example, in seismic zones, the earthquake load plays an important role which is to be considered in seismic analysis. Similarly, in some areas wind is the predominant force and it imposes load on the building which needs to be analysed before any disaster strikes. All these loads create a significant impact in performing structural analysis and any slight calculation mistakes can create life threatening situations.

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World’s first 3D Printed Steel Bridge in Amsterdam

Introduction:
This is a 3D-printed steel bridge that was opened to the public in Amsterdam in July 2021. The bridge was developed by a Dutch Robotics Company named MX3D, in collaboration with a consortium of experts. The bridge will represent a major milestone for 3D printing technology.

Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam
Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam

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Construction & Management of Underground Structure with Scheduling & Estimation

By
Mr. S.L. Ghorpade
Under the guidance of Prof. A.B. Shendge
Dattakala Group of Institutions Faculty of Engineering, Swami – Chincholi (Bhigwan).

Abstract- The construction of tunnel is important for different purposes. They can be constructed for railways, roadways, pedestrian footways and can be built in hard rock, soft ground, river bed and are also used to convey Hydroelectric power, water stream, or as a sewer. The construction of Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel to convey water is considered in this project. To identify Scheduling of different activities by various methods Network Diagram, C.P.M., P.E.R.T. and their cycle time is calculated. Scheduling for different activity is carried out with the help of Network Diagram & Primavera Software will be carried out in a project stage II. Study of Estimation for a Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel by both methods. Excavation in heading and benching, Rock bolt support work, lining work is considered for cycle time and cost estimation calculation in Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel. Estimation is also carried out by two methods. The comparison of two methods adopted for excavation work and estimation will be carried out in a project stage II.

Keywords- Scheduling, C.P.M., P.E.R.T., Gantt chart, Network Diagram, Estimation, Heading, Benching, Cycle time, Lining, Rock Bolts, Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, Tailrace Tunnel.

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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

Introduction:
Even though concrete is one of the most durable building materials, its strength and durability can be affected by many things over time. The amount of air in the mix may be the hardest to control out of all these things. Having air in concrete is important to keep projects inside and out from going wrong. Even when air entrainers and detainers are used at the batch plant, loads are rejected on the job site because there is too much or not enough air. Knowing what can change the amount of air in a mix while it is in transit can help ready-mix operators make sure their mixes meet job requirements.

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What Is Tuckpointing in Masonry?

Introduction:
Mortar is important for residential and commercial brick buildings because it holds the bricks together and acts as a seal to keep water and moisture from getting inside the walls. It’s also a nice-looking divider that goes around each brick. Unluckily, the mortar is the weakest part of a brick wall. Years of weathering, weight, temperature, and moisture can cause the mortar to wear down and crack. When the mortar is lost, it affects the wall’s ability to hold together, and the bricks no longer fit together neatly. Tuckpointing is the process professionals use to fix and strengthen the joints between the bricks.

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What is Ready Mix Concrete?

Introduction
In the 21st century, everything has started to speed up, even in the construction industry too. The construction activities are speeding up by replacing the manual works with automatic machines. Likewise, in cement mixing, too, there has been rapid development. Instead of mixing on-site, a ready-to-use cement mix is being on the site so that no time is wasted in proportioning the cement to the desired strength.

Instead of on a job site, ready-mix concrete is made in a plant according to a predetermined mix design. Manufacturers mix sand, gravel, cement, and water depending on the project requirements before delivering the mixture to the site.

There are three types of ready-mix concrete: transit-mix concrete, central mixed concrete, and shrink-mix concrete.

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Types of CAD Softwares used by Civil Engineers

Introduction
Computer-Aided Design Software or CAD is used to create, analyze, modify, or stimulate for optimizing design. Architects, engineers, and designers use it to create or modify designs in 2D or 3D that was impossible to be exhibited on paper. It transforms designs into codes that are understandable by the computer, resulting in viewing a designed object from various perspectives.

Different companies use different CAD software versions to carry out desired results for the company’s standards. CAD offers expandable features that can be used by companies working in various fields. This software facilitates conversion from design to construction process. Because of low-cost development and less time consumption, this software is gaining traction. Some of such software that is used in various industries shall be discussed here in details.
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About Civil Engineering

Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. Engineers are the ones who have received professional training in pure and applied science. Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building of forts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes.

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include Waterworks, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.

Civil engineers build the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.

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Comments

3,821 comments on "Civil Engineering Home"

Aftab khan says:

hello people,
i wanted to know if we civil engineers can do masters in petroleum.
regards

anand says:

dear everybody, could anyone help me in getting details for formwork for a hemispehrical dome of 22ft dia

susanta kumar mohanty says:

Dear sir,
If a concrete design mix of M 25 is done at laboratory with some proportion and at site during construction work it is found that result is M 35 after 28 days. whether the test result of field is accepted or not? if yes/no why???

vipin joshi says:

it is not possinble because at site u do the same procedure with the same materials you are
using

sanjay limbasia says:

pls tell me what kind of course should i do as i have 20years of civil construction experience i have done 2 years of civil engineering but did not complete diploma, now i wish to take some kind of diploma along with my work pls guide me.

srikant Nayak says:

sir,Now i am a student i want to know how can we chaining across a sloping ground with perfect accuracy?

Kabeer says:

Hi,
I m doing my II yr in Civil Engineering at NITT..I would like to do an IPT/Intern..It would be great if could get some guidance.Waiting for a reply…

Dhiraj Mishra says:

My brother has passed the HSC in Commerce Stream. Now he is doing Bcom Final year.
Can he do the Diploma in civil engineering

Sanjeev Tiwari says:

Sir, I want Know about the Calculating of designee mix concrete

k.pandiyarajan says:

pls send me mail about interview questions and concrete test

pavan kumar says:

Here is the list of the most commonly asked questions during the interviews.Hope this helps to most of you

1.Introduce yourself?
2. What are your career preferences?
3. How much salary you are expecting?
4. What is your plan regarding continuing your education?
5. Tell us about your hobbies?
6. What are your strengths & weaknesses?
7. Are you ready to work in a team?
8. Can you work in stress?
9. What good things you liked in your ex boss?
10. How do you feel working on weekend?
11. Define success?

_F3 says:

Pl be specific: which test you want to elaborate?

Aamir Abbas says:

We are estimate for R.C.C road approx 95000 sft how to steel caluclate as per structral drawing. 8″ c/c. The road thickness 8″ concrete. please send the steel formula. the road size 30ft x 4000ft.

Martin Munene Theuri says:

My dream is to become the best Civil Engineer in Kenya.

Capt. V S CHAUAHN says:

I have done my B. Sc. Engg in Civil from RECK Kurukshetra, in 1976. Since then I have been practicing in the civil construction and project management.I find this portal technically quite informative and fullness for civil Engineers.I shall prefer to in touch with this portal.

Ajay D says:

Hi sir,
I am a student of 2nd year Civil and architectural Engineering, I was planning to do BEng. & later followed by project management. Do u think its a wise choice to make?? does it pay off well enough.?? I would be really glad If you could just guide me a bit.
Thanking you.

durgesh agrawal says:

why we use composite super structure in bridge ?

prabhakar says:

This is peculiar type used only where the bridge crosses a road r a railway line, and to limit the depth we are using composite type superstructure.

Ravikumar says:

because bridge is used to construct across any obstruction such as river ,roadways in those condition we have less place of supports in intermediate of bridge ,there fore we have to design a bridge , in load transfer point of view ,its take place in super structure so the composite construction is good for bridges

WASIM KHAN says:

Plz.. give me some idea about structure analysis project

Prakash meena says:

What is the size of test specimen used to determine the modulus of rupture?

Hamir Ahir says:

i want all type steel’s weight per meter…….

Kirti says:

k.pandiyarajan
pls send me mail about interview questions and concrete test

formula for unit wt. of steel per meter=Dia.Squre/162.2

K.nageswara rao says:

i have done by completed b tech civil engineering completed in 2011.iam so happy ,because clear information in civil portal . thanks for the portal team .

Smita says:

Hi everyone..I am already completed my BEng Honours in civil engineering and i will soon be going for interview to get myself registered with the Council of Registered Professional Engineers..Can anyone please give me an idea of the questions that are asked during the interview..Thanks a lot..

saritha says:

hi sir, i finished my mtech.Further i choose my profession is teaching. How to guide students. give me suggestions sir reply me sir

Ogunsola Omoleye Oluwatoyin says:

pls send me a mail about the use of cassava peel in testing the tensile strength of concrete and shear strength of concrete

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