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Why our cities are flooding?

By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Many cities tend to expand, changing their original land and waterscapes so they become prone to flooding.

CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. Over population

In 1947 India’s population was 34 crores, now in 2024 India population is 144.2 crores increasing at the rate of 3.5 crore per year. China present population is 142.5 crore and they have controlled their population.

The land area of India is 3.3 million sq.km and China 9.6 million sq.km. Our population is more than China but our land area is about 37 percent of China land area . One of route cause of our problems is overpopulation. Our land and environment can hold only a limited population.

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Types of Loads on Buildings

Introduction
Analysis of structures is important for safe design and serviceability to resist loads coming from various sources. These loads re taken into account while designing so that the building does not fail under the application of these loads. These loads may be in the form of uniformly distributed load, concentrated load, triangular load and so on. All these have various points of application and so the center of mass is to be detected for making the calculations easy in every aspect. For example, in seismic zones, the earthquake load plays an important role which is to be considered in seismic analysis. Similarly, in some areas wind is the predominant force and it imposes load on the building which needs to be analysed before any disaster strikes. All these loads create a significant impact in performing structural analysis and any slight calculation mistakes can create life threatening situations.

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World’s first 3D Printed Steel Bridge in Amsterdam

Introduction:
This is a 3D-printed steel bridge that was opened to the public in Amsterdam in July 2021. The bridge was developed by a Dutch Robotics Company named MX3D, in collaboration with a consortium of experts. The bridge will represent a major milestone for 3D printing technology.

Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam
Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam

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Construction & Management of Underground Structure with Scheduling & Estimation

By
Mr. S.L. Ghorpade
Under the guidance of Prof. A.B. Shendge
Dattakala Group of Institutions Faculty of Engineering, Swami – Chincholi (Bhigwan).

Abstract- The construction of tunnel is important for different purposes. They can be constructed for railways, roadways, pedestrian footways and can be built in hard rock, soft ground, river bed and are also used to convey Hydroelectric power, water stream, or as a sewer. The construction of Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel to convey water is considered in this project. To identify Scheduling of different activities by various methods Network Diagram, C.P.M., P.E.R.T. and their cycle time is calculated. Scheduling for different activity is carried out with the help of Network Diagram & Primavera Software will be carried out in a project stage II. Study of Estimation for a Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel by both methods. Excavation in heading and benching, Rock bolt support work, lining work is considered for cycle time and cost estimation calculation in Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel. Estimation is also carried out by two methods. The comparison of two methods adopted for excavation work and estimation will be carried out in a project stage II.

Keywords- Scheduling, C.P.M., P.E.R.T., Gantt chart, Network Diagram, Estimation, Heading, Benching, Cycle time, Lining, Rock Bolts, Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, Tailrace Tunnel.

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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

Introduction:
Even though concrete is one of the most durable building materials, its strength and durability can be affected by many things over time. The amount of air in the mix may be the hardest to control out of all these things. Having air in concrete is important to keep projects inside and out from going wrong. Even when air entrainers and detainers are used at the batch plant, loads are rejected on the job site because there is too much or not enough air. Knowing what can change the amount of air in a mix while it is in transit can help ready-mix operators make sure their mixes meet job requirements.

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What Is Tuckpointing in Masonry?

Introduction:
Mortar is important for residential and commercial brick buildings because it holds the bricks together and acts as a seal to keep water and moisture from getting inside the walls. It’s also a nice-looking divider that goes around each brick. Unluckily, the mortar is the weakest part of a brick wall. Years of weathering, weight, temperature, and moisture can cause the mortar to wear down and crack. When the mortar is lost, it affects the wall’s ability to hold together, and the bricks no longer fit together neatly. Tuckpointing is the process professionals use to fix and strengthen the joints between the bricks.

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What is Ready Mix Concrete?

Introduction
In the 21st century, everything has started to speed up, even in the construction industry too. The construction activities are speeding up by replacing the manual works with automatic machines. Likewise, in cement mixing, too, there has been rapid development. Instead of mixing on-site, a ready-to-use cement mix is being on the site so that no time is wasted in proportioning the cement to the desired strength.

Instead of on a job site, ready-mix concrete is made in a plant according to a predetermined mix design. Manufacturers mix sand, gravel, cement, and water depending on the project requirements before delivering the mixture to the site.

There are three types of ready-mix concrete: transit-mix concrete, central mixed concrete, and shrink-mix concrete.

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Types of CAD Softwares used by Civil Engineers

Introduction
Computer-Aided Design Software or CAD is used to create, analyze, modify, or stimulate for optimizing design. Architects, engineers, and designers use it to create or modify designs in 2D or 3D that was impossible to be exhibited on paper. It transforms designs into codes that are understandable by the computer, resulting in viewing a designed object from various perspectives.

Different companies use different CAD software versions to carry out desired results for the company’s standards. CAD offers expandable features that can be used by companies working in various fields. This software facilitates conversion from design to construction process. Because of low-cost development and less time consumption, this software is gaining traction. Some of such software that is used in various industries shall be discussed here in details.
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About Civil Engineering

Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. Engineers are the ones who have received professional training in pure and applied science. Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building of forts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes.

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include Waterworks, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.

Civil engineers build the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.

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Comments

3,821 comments on "Civil Engineering Home"

Joseph says:

Hello. I want to find out these from you. What is quasi-displacement, and quasi-displacement control technique? Also, when we say finite element modelling of reinforced concrete beam, what does it mean?

Harsh singh says:

hi am doing B.tech in civil engineering from IIT bombay . i have a deep interest in this branch i want to do masters in structural design. please tell me reputed collages for doing masters in structure design. and also what is a starting salary of structural engineer after just paasing out collage ? thanks …..& this website is great.

yogesh kumar kushwaha says:

hello i am a student of b.tech 2 year nd my branch is civil engineering.i am very interested student in this branch.i want to a good civil engineer nd we will do work very carefully nd honestly as a perfect engineer..thanks..i take knowledge for this web.

Debabrata Mandal says:

1.How prevant shrinkage cracks in roof ?
2. How to prevant cracks in lower portion of beams?
3. How to prevant cracks at the portion between roof and brickworks?
4. How to prevant efflorecence of brickwork?

rammbuda p says:

The tonnage from two vertical shafts each to be sunk to a depth of 2 000 metres is to be dumped
on a square piece of ground, measuring 160 m x 160 m, in the form of a cone with a circular base.
The one shaft is rectangular with dimensions of 11 m x 3 m and the other a 7 m diameter circular
shaft. Both the ground and the top of the dump are to be accepted as level. If the ratio of “in-situ”
to broken rock is 12: 20 and the angle of repose for rock is 380, calculate:
i. The height of the dump,
ii. The top are of the dump,
iii. Determine the height of the dump if 20 000 tons are sold to the crushers
iv. (“in- situ” density 2, 73 tons/m3).

harsh says:

hi this site is very effictive ful for knowlage of civil engg. sector

Pawan Pandey says:

What is the water cement(w/c) ratio for concrete??

JIGAR says:

check IS CODE 456

S.Sharma says:

Normally 0.45 w/c ration get used for concreting.

But under-water (IS 456-2000)

14.2.2 Under-water concrete should have a slump
recommended in 7.1. The water-cement ratio shall not
exceed 0.6 and may need to be smaller, depending on
the grade of concrete or the type of chemical attack.
For aggregates of 40 mm maximum particle size, the
cement content shall be at least 350 kg/m3 of concrete.

Beltian says:

hey i got the question, what is the methodolgy of Healty House in civil engineering ????

Avege yao Ishmael says:

i am a civil engineer by professional an have be on the job for more than 10yrs but wish to specialize in structural design any good s.designer can help me. Ever ready to learn and work with the person.i am from Ghana Knust currently working in Rwanda-Kigali as project manager.

murali says:

i want a more building managment software names? please say anybody…

md,monazir says:

Dear sir before i use your website,for the find the weight calculater ,sir i am draftman iso am am working civil and mecanical both ,sir now i have a problem in macanical i need the interpenetration corvers of solid , cylinderical ,or what you have sir development in mecanical please send to or any addess thankyou somuch

BestRegard.
Md.monazir

Matt says:

Looking at driven pile with a follower. What can be the effect of a cone shaped follower on the transfered energy?

Jamil chouki says:

if the flakiness and elongation index of the aggregates is above 25% what is the effect of this on concrete and what are the values ?

Avinash mishra says:

Hi i m the student of civil engineering at iit delhi .Civil engineering is the mother of all enggineering department.civil engineering switch of all department…

Dr. O.P.Chhangani says:

Pawan Pandey
What is the water cement(w/c) ratio for concrete??

Well the water cement ratio depends on the grade of concrete you want to design? The mix design is based on the target strenght in the laboratory and correspondingly the value of w/c ration can be obtained from the curves given in the IS code 10262 2009. I advise you to read this code. However as a thumb rule M20 grade is 1:1.5:3 and w/c ratio of 0.45 may work

Dr. om prakash Chhangani says:

Debabrata Mandal
1.How prevant shrinkage cracks in roof ?
2. How to prevant cracks in lower portion of beams?
3. How to prevant cracks at the portion between roof and brickworks?
4. How to prevant efflorecence of brickwork?

There are many ways to reduce shrinkage cracks in roof
1. Reduce water content in concrete by restricting the water just to obtain desire workability. you may use water reducing admixtures
2. Concrete should be properly cured either by spraying curing compounds and keeping concrete wet or by covering the surface
3. cement rich or highly wet mixes should not be used
4. excessive working at the top surfce should be avoided as this will bring cement paste on the top and coarse aggregates will be depressed.

Dr. om prakash Chhangani says:

Mr. Pawan pandey is asking for w/c ratio in concrete? I understand if some body is posting this question he may be informed about the how this is arrived at in mix design!!

parth says:

is microsoft excel essential for a civil engineer?

raju yadav says:

Sir i got 75 percentage in diploma in civil engg. Will i get this much percentage in engineering.

M.D.Malla says:

it is really inovating.
it has sharpen my passsion to
be a civil engg……

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