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Why our cities are flooding?

By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Many cities tend to expand, changing their original land and waterscapes so they become prone to flooding.

CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. Over population

In 1947 India’s population was 34 crores, now in 2024 India population is 144.2 crores increasing at the rate of 3.5 crore per year. China present population is 142.5 crore and they have controlled their population.

The land area of India is 3.3 million sq.km and China 9.6 million sq.km. Our population is more than China but our land area is about 37 percent of China land area . One of route cause of our problems is overpopulation. Our land and environment can hold only a limited population.

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Types of Loads on Buildings

Introduction
Analysis of structures is important for safe design and serviceability to resist loads coming from various sources. These loads re taken into account while designing so that the building does not fail under the application of these loads. These loads may be in the form of uniformly distributed load, concentrated load, triangular load and so on. All these have various points of application and so the center of mass is to be detected for making the calculations easy in every aspect. For example, in seismic zones, the earthquake load plays an important role which is to be considered in seismic analysis. Similarly, in some areas wind is the predominant force and it imposes load on the building which needs to be analysed before any disaster strikes. All these loads create a significant impact in performing structural analysis and any slight calculation mistakes can create life threatening situations.

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World’s first 3D Printed Steel Bridge in Amsterdam

Introduction:
This is a 3D-printed steel bridge that was opened to the public in Amsterdam in July 2021. The bridge was developed by a Dutch Robotics Company named MX3D, in collaboration with a consortium of experts. The bridge will represent a major milestone for 3D printing technology.

Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam
Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam

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Construction & Management of Underground Structure with Scheduling & Estimation

By
Mr. S.L. Ghorpade
Under the guidance of Prof. A.B. Shendge
Dattakala Group of Institutions Faculty of Engineering, Swami – Chincholi (Bhigwan).

Abstract- The construction of tunnel is important for different purposes. They can be constructed for railways, roadways, pedestrian footways and can be built in hard rock, soft ground, river bed and are also used to convey Hydroelectric power, water stream, or as a sewer. The construction of Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel to convey water is considered in this project. To identify Scheduling of different activities by various methods Network Diagram, C.P.M., P.E.R.T. and their cycle time is calculated. Scheduling for different activity is carried out with the help of Network Diagram & Primavera Software will be carried out in a project stage II. Study of Estimation for a Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel by both methods. Excavation in heading and benching, Rock bolt support work, lining work is considered for cycle time and cost estimation calculation in Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel. Estimation is also carried out by two methods. The comparison of two methods adopted for excavation work and estimation will be carried out in a project stage II.

Keywords- Scheduling, C.P.M., P.E.R.T., Gantt chart, Network Diagram, Estimation, Heading, Benching, Cycle time, Lining, Rock Bolts, Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, Tailrace Tunnel.

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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

Introduction:
Even though concrete is one of the most durable building materials, its strength and durability can be affected by many things over time. The amount of air in the mix may be the hardest to control out of all these things. Having air in concrete is important to keep projects inside and out from going wrong. Even when air entrainers and detainers are used at the batch plant, loads are rejected on the job site because there is too much or not enough air. Knowing what can change the amount of air in a mix while it is in transit can help ready-mix operators make sure their mixes meet job requirements.

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What Is Tuckpointing in Masonry?

Introduction:
Mortar is important for residential and commercial brick buildings because it holds the bricks together and acts as a seal to keep water and moisture from getting inside the walls. It’s also a nice-looking divider that goes around each brick. Unluckily, the mortar is the weakest part of a brick wall. Years of weathering, weight, temperature, and moisture can cause the mortar to wear down and crack. When the mortar is lost, it affects the wall’s ability to hold together, and the bricks no longer fit together neatly. Tuckpointing is the process professionals use to fix and strengthen the joints between the bricks.

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What is Ready Mix Concrete?

Introduction
In the 21st century, everything has started to speed up, even in the construction industry too. The construction activities are speeding up by replacing the manual works with automatic machines. Likewise, in cement mixing, too, there has been rapid development. Instead of mixing on-site, a ready-to-use cement mix is being on the site so that no time is wasted in proportioning the cement to the desired strength.

Instead of on a job site, ready-mix concrete is made in a plant according to a predetermined mix design. Manufacturers mix sand, gravel, cement, and water depending on the project requirements before delivering the mixture to the site.

There are three types of ready-mix concrete: transit-mix concrete, central mixed concrete, and shrink-mix concrete.

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Types of CAD Softwares used by Civil Engineers

Introduction
Computer-Aided Design Software or CAD is used to create, analyze, modify, or stimulate for optimizing design. Architects, engineers, and designers use it to create or modify designs in 2D or 3D that was impossible to be exhibited on paper. It transforms designs into codes that are understandable by the computer, resulting in viewing a designed object from various perspectives.

Different companies use different CAD software versions to carry out desired results for the company’s standards. CAD offers expandable features that can be used by companies working in various fields. This software facilitates conversion from design to construction process. Because of low-cost development and less time consumption, this software is gaining traction. Some of such software that is used in various industries shall be discussed here in details.
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About Civil Engineering

Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. Engineers are the ones who have received professional training in pure and applied science. Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building of forts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes.

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include Waterworks, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.

Civil engineers build the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.

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Comments

3,821 comments on "Civil Engineering Home"

Apollos says:

I am 2nd yr student and i wil specialise now but i don’t which to go for.I am studying in French and we have only two option in Civil,

shahbaz says:

i am student 1st year B.E civil at Mehran university of Engineering & Technology sindh
pakistaan it is an ISO certified university.i want to have some reference books of surveying so plz refer
some books to my email.thanks

Alpana says:

An excellent, the best, mix design software as per IS 456 2000, IS 9103 and SP 23/IS 10262 comes with the V K Puri’s HandBook on Concrete Mixes, written by S S Rathi. If u r in need of a software as per IS standards with more than 2000 sold examples, is the best bet. W

choice kurian says:

i’m a 12th std student nd planning to do civil btech engineering.can u please suggest the subjects..

keyur patel says:

sir, presently i am GET at essar group and i m civil engg. and i want to go for pg so please help me whether i should go for mba or m tech. thank you

Abhinav says:

Sir,
i m a second year B.E.(civil) student pursuing from BITS-pilani
can you tell me what all projects can be made in civil enginering as an tech-fest is coming soon next semester

anurag says:

ihave done my diploma in civil engg. with 84% in 2008 but after one year i have no job yet. tell me what is the perfect field for me?

mukesh says:

Sir,
i am doing diploma in civil, this is my first year, please guide me which books and author
is better. kindly explane of books name

charlyn says:

Sir;;
i am civil engineering student and my teacher wants me to conduct a seminar related to my course.can you insight some easy topics to be discussed….thanks…….

Ahmad Nawaz says:

hi, im in a college in UK
il b going on2 uni in a years time
shud i b doing the 5 year(including professional placecent) in Civil engineering
or shud i do the 4 year full time MEng Civil engineering?
thanks

rishikesh kumar says:

hello every body,
i want , bridge design project help , for submitting in my final year,can you suggest me any book or site through which i can get any help

B Dinesh says:

Hi Sir,

I am dinesh,working as Sr.Engineer Service.
my requirement is that,When ever I am in site during concrete I face concrete chock.
Can you suggest me regarding concrete mix design.

AFTAB BADSHAH says:

HI I AM AFTAB AND DOING BTECH IN CIVIL ENGG IN KIIT UNIVERSITY ,I WOULD LIKE TO ASK THE AUTHOR
FOR FLUID MECHANICS.PLS SUGGEST ME SIR

rajan says:

i have done mechanical diploma & have five years experience in civil.
i want to persue civil has full time carrer.
can i get good job in respected companies.list them.
pls guide me.

Harsh says:

hi sir I am studding in B.E civil in second year. I want to know that how much chances of placement of civil engineers in our India. the people who have done civil engineering. they are getting the job properly or not??? and how much salary they are getting????????…

faddzu says:

sir..i fazo come from upnm Malaysia..
i want to ask about work prospect in civil eng cause i heard many student after grade do not get job..please reply me.

smriti says:

hi sir,
i am a 3rd year b.tech civil engineering student. i would like to do my m . tech and also interior designing, can i able to do both together , like interior designing part time along with my M.tech main pgm , or can you suggest if there is a better option (if so). i would also like to know the job opportunities of the course. also could u please explain the construction management course for civil.(what is it and its detail ?)
eagerly waiting for your response .
kindly respond.

raman batish says:

hi sir i am doing civil engg.ist year from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar NIT,Jalandhar and i want to about its scope in india and
out side india in coming future…

pratik bagaria says:

how can i publish my research paper in an international journal?

Rac says:

hello sir,
i completed my graduation in civil engg this yr and wish to get into the estimation and costing section of the constuction industry,how do i go about that or what do you suggest for a fresher looking for an employment in the constrnindustry

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