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Why our cities are flooding?

By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Many cities tend to expand, changing their original land and waterscapes so they become prone to flooding.

CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. Over population

In 1947 India’s population was 34 crores, now in 2024 India population is 144.2 crores increasing at the rate of 3.5 crore per year. China present population is 142.5 crore and they have controlled their population.

The land area of India is 3.3 million sq.km and China 9.6 million sq.km. Our population is more than China but our land area is about 37 percent of China land area . One of route cause of our problems is overpopulation. Our land and environment can hold only a limited population.

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Types of Loads on Buildings

Introduction
Analysis of structures is important for safe design and serviceability to resist loads coming from various sources. These loads re taken into account while designing so that the building does not fail under the application of these loads. These loads may be in the form of uniformly distributed load, concentrated load, triangular load and so on. All these have various points of application and so the center of mass is to be detected for making the calculations easy in every aspect. For example, in seismic zones, the earthquake load plays an important role which is to be considered in seismic analysis. Similarly, in some areas wind is the predominant force and it imposes load on the building which needs to be analysed before any disaster strikes. All these loads create a significant impact in performing structural analysis and any slight calculation mistakes can create life threatening situations.

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World’s first 3D Printed Steel Bridge in Amsterdam

Introduction:
This is a 3D-printed steel bridge that was opened to the public in Amsterdam in July 2021. The bridge was developed by a Dutch Robotics Company named MX3D, in collaboration with a consortium of experts. The bridge will represent a major milestone for 3D printing technology.

Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam
Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam

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Construction & Management of Underground Structure with Scheduling & Estimation

By
Mr. S.L. Ghorpade
Under the guidance of Prof. A.B. Shendge
Dattakala Group of Institutions Faculty of Engineering, Swami – Chincholi (Bhigwan).

Abstract- The construction of tunnel is important for different purposes. They can be constructed for railways, roadways, pedestrian footways and can be built in hard rock, soft ground, river bed and are also used to convey Hydroelectric power, water stream, or as a sewer. The construction of Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel to convey water is considered in this project. To identify Scheduling of different activities by various methods Network Diagram, C.P.M., P.E.R.T. and their cycle time is calculated. Scheduling for different activity is carried out with the help of Network Diagram & Primavera Software will be carried out in a project stage II. Study of Estimation for a Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel by both methods. Excavation in heading and benching, Rock bolt support work, lining work is considered for cycle time and cost estimation calculation in Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel. Estimation is also carried out by two methods. The comparison of two methods adopted for excavation work and estimation will be carried out in a project stage II.

Keywords- Scheduling, C.P.M., P.E.R.T., Gantt chart, Network Diagram, Estimation, Heading, Benching, Cycle time, Lining, Rock Bolts, Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, Tailrace Tunnel.

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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

Introduction:
Even though concrete is one of the most durable building materials, its strength and durability can be affected by many things over time. The amount of air in the mix may be the hardest to control out of all these things. Having air in concrete is important to keep projects inside and out from going wrong. Even when air entrainers and detainers are used at the batch plant, loads are rejected on the job site because there is too much or not enough air. Knowing what can change the amount of air in a mix while it is in transit can help ready-mix operators make sure their mixes meet job requirements.

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What Is Tuckpointing in Masonry?

Introduction:
Mortar is important for residential and commercial brick buildings because it holds the bricks together and acts as a seal to keep water and moisture from getting inside the walls. It’s also a nice-looking divider that goes around each brick. Unluckily, the mortar is the weakest part of a brick wall. Years of weathering, weight, temperature, and moisture can cause the mortar to wear down and crack. When the mortar is lost, it affects the wall’s ability to hold together, and the bricks no longer fit together neatly. Tuckpointing is the process professionals use to fix and strengthen the joints between the bricks.

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What is Ready Mix Concrete?

Introduction
In the 21st century, everything has started to speed up, even in the construction industry too. The construction activities are speeding up by replacing the manual works with automatic machines. Likewise, in cement mixing, too, there has been rapid development. Instead of mixing on-site, a ready-to-use cement mix is being on the site so that no time is wasted in proportioning the cement to the desired strength.

Instead of on a job site, ready-mix concrete is made in a plant according to a predetermined mix design. Manufacturers mix sand, gravel, cement, and water depending on the project requirements before delivering the mixture to the site.

There are three types of ready-mix concrete: transit-mix concrete, central mixed concrete, and shrink-mix concrete.

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Types of CAD Softwares used by Civil Engineers

Introduction
Computer-Aided Design Software or CAD is used to create, analyze, modify, or stimulate for optimizing design. Architects, engineers, and designers use it to create or modify designs in 2D or 3D that was impossible to be exhibited on paper. It transforms designs into codes that are understandable by the computer, resulting in viewing a designed object from various perspectives.

Different companies use different CAD software versions to carry out desired results for the company’s standards. CAD offers expandable features that can be used by companies working in various fields. This software facilitates conversion from design to construction process. Because of low-cost development and less time consumption, this software is gaining traction. Some of such software that is used in various industries shall be discussed here in details.
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About Civil Engineering

Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. Engineers are the ones who have received professional training in pure and applied science. Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building of forts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes.

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include Waterworks, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.

Civil engineers build the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.

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Comments

3,821 comments on "Civil Engineering Home"

Jahangir says:

hello there

i m in a final year of civil engineering,and i am interested in construction management, can anyone help me to improve my management skills ?

Veena says:

Hello sir, i’ve completed civil under graduation.. I like structural engineering.. So want to persui mtech in it.. But Nowdays many r saturated in that stream.. So may i know whether i can get good job after mtech..?

ak says:

i want to know the scope of civil engineering in india.
pls help me.what would be the salary of civil engineers in india?

francis says:

am in ma 2nd yr.i wnt steps 2 folow so as 2 b a successful civil engr

Noorulhaque says:

just do perfect the basics.

aniket khedekar says:

i just passed out 12th and i have taken civil branch n wanna know that there is a scope in civil engineering ?
is there will be scope in future also ;please tell me

sunny says:

yes bro. civil engineering not only in India it has also a wide rage of success in abroad also……….so go ahead without any hesitation………….

kumaraswamy says:

rehabilatation of old structures… if you are looking for easy topic.

hrigushugshu says:

i am at high scholl atm and i am planning to become a civl engineer. what subjects am i recommended to take

sunny says:

for an engineering course admission u should pas non medical or diploma in civil engineering,,,,,,,after that u have lot of choice in civil engineering branch also ..like structure engg,,bridge design,geotech etc..

hrigushugshu says:

also, what is a big famous civil engineering firm i would dream of workin in

Noorulhaque says:

it depends on project

mukesh says:

Now i am in last year diploma in civil engg. Can i take direct second year/first year admission to B.ARCH degree?plz help me…….

Noorulhaque says:

ya u can get admission in direct 2nd year but condition is that u should have above 60% in last year.

Nevin josek says:

i am a studend prepairing a paper on climatic adaptions in infrastructour enggineering can any one help me with some mater

VIVEK KUMAR SINGH says:

I’m in 3rd year civil and want to do internship/training in field work. Kindly, tell me where and how shall I apply without any recommendation. I have credit for this training in my syllabus.

Noorulhaque says:

for applying the internship to company you need the collage letter for training.

APURVA BEEDKAR says:

I Have passed std 12th this year and took admission for civil engg….Could u please tell me is there opportunity for girls in CIVIL ENGG???????

rajesh says:

girls having lot of opportunity in civil in designing field

ahamedshareef.k says:

structural-designing section but u should have field experience for minimum of 2yrs for proper designing…. there many more opportunities

Kabilan says:

Yes you have very good opportunity in civil.You can go for design or environmental

A.KHAN says:

will sum one pls tell me what is the minimum percentage required to do masters in civil engineering

Nikhar says:

Depends on colleges in which u want to do masters…

Master Adeniyi says:

what are the are the precautions used in the test for moisture content.

Kailash Chandra Behera says:

May I ask for a doubt? What is the manimum wc ratio to get a perfect hydration in cement?

Nitesh Kumar says:

0.4-0.5

deepak says:

sir is the work of b-tech in civil and b-arch diff or sme .
if different thn what is the diff??????????
pls help

Kabilan says:

B tech civil and b-arch are different.B tech civil is four years whereas b-arch is five years.B-arch mostly deals with design whereas in civil you will learn all basics about construction

N.Chidambaram says:

my biggest aspiration is to become a design engineer and i want to be a part of the historical structure in INDIA.Now i am doing my pre final year in CIVIL

Christogonus says:

What is shear force and bending moment?

PN srivastava says:

please send types of vibrator & use in different work

Shashikant says:

I am in final year B.TECH plz suggest me seminar topic.

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