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Why our cities are flooding?

By
KAUSHAL KISHORE
Materials Engineer, Roorkee

Many cities tend to expand, changing their original land and waterscapes so they become prone to flooding.

CAUSES OF FLOODING
1. Over population

In 1947 India’s population was 34 crores, now in 2024 India population is 144.2 crores increasing at the rate of 3.5 crore per year. China present population is 142.5 crore and they have controlled their population.

The land area of India is 3.3 million sq.km and China 9.6 million sq.km. Our population is more than China but our land area is about 37 percent of China land area . One of route cause of our problems is overpopulation. Our land and environment can hold only a limited population.

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Types of Loads on Buildings

Introduction
Analysis of structures is important for safe design and serviceability to resist loads coming from various sources. These loads re taken into account while designing so that the building does not fail under the application of these loads. These loads may be in the form of uniformly distributed load, concentrated load, triangular load and so on. All these have various points of application and so the center of mass is to be detected for making the calculations easy in every aspect. For example, in seismic zones, the earthquake load plays an important role which is to be considered in seismic analysis. Similarly, in some areas wind is the predominant force and it imposes load on the building which needs to be analysed before any disaster strikes. All these loads create a significant impact in performing structural analysis and any slight calculation mistakes can create life threatening situations.

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World’s first 3D Printed Steel Bridge in Amsterdam

Introduction:
This is a 3D-printed steel bridge that was opened to the public in Amsterdam in July 2021. The bridge was developed by a Dutch Robotics Company named MX3D, in collaboration with a consortium of experts. The bridge will represent a major milestone for 3D printing technology.

Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam
Fig 1: The first 3D printed steel bridge unveiled in Amsterdam

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Construction & Management of Underground Structure with Scheduling & Estimation

By
Mr. S.L. Ghorpade
Under the guidance of Prof. A.B. Shendge
Dattakala Group of Institutions Faculty of Engineering, Swami – Chincholi (Bhigwan).

Abstract- The construction of tunnel is important for different purposes. They can be constructed for railways, roadways, pedestrian footways and can be built in hard rock, soft ground, river bed and are also used to convey Hydroelectric power, water stream, or as a sewer. The construction of Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel to convey water is considered in this project. To identify Scheduling of different activities by various methods Network Diagram, C.P.M., P.E.R.T. and their cycle time is calculated. Scheduling for different activity is carried out with the help of Network Diagram & Primavera Software will be carried out in a project stage II. Study of Estimation for a Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel by both methods. Excavation in heading and benching, Rock bolt support work, lining work is considered for cycle time and cost estimation calculation in Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, and Tailrace Tunnel. Estimation is also carried out by two methods. The comparison of two methods adopted for excavation work and estimation will be carried out in a project stage II.

Keywords- Scheduling, C.P.M., P.E.R.T., Gantt chart, Network Diagram, Estimation, Heading, Benching, Cycle time, Lining, Rock Bolts, Diversion Tunnel, Pressure Shaft, Tailrace Tunnel.

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Measurement of Air Content in Concrete

Introduction:
Even though concrete is one of the most durable building materials, its strength and durability can be affected by many things over time. The amount of air in the mix may be the hardest to control out of all these things. Having air in concrete is important to keep projects inside and out from going wrong. Even when air entrainers and detainers are used at the batch plant, loads are rejected on the job site because there is too much or not enough air. Knowing what can change the amount of air in a mix while it is in transit can help ready-mix operators make sure their mixes meet job requirements.

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What Is Tuckpointing in Masonry?

Introduction:
Mortar is important for residential and commercial brick buildings because it holds the bricks together and acts as a seal to keep water and moisture from getting inside the walls. It’s also a nice-looking divider that goes around each brick. Unluckily, the mortar is the weakest part of a brick wall. Years of weathering, weight, temperature, and moisture can cause the mortar to wear down and crack. When the mortar is lost, it affects the wall’s ability to hold together, and the bricks no longer fit together neatly. Tuckpointing is the process professionals use to fix and strengthen the joints between the bricks.

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What is Ready Mix Concrete?

Introduction
In the 21st century, everything has started to speed up, even in the construction industry too. The construction activities are speeding up by replacing the manual works with automatic machines. Likewise, in cement mixing, too, there has been rapid development. Instead of mixing on-site, a ready-to-use cement mix is being on the site so that no time is wasted in proportioning the cement to the desired strength.

Instead of on a job site, ready-mix concrete is made in a plant according to a predetermined mix design. Manufacturers mix sand, gravel, cement, and water depending on the project requirements before delivering the mixture to the site.

There are three types of ready-mix concrete: transit-mix concrete, central mixed concrete, and shrink-mix concrete.

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Types of CAD Softwares used by Civil Engineers

Introduction
Computer-Aided Design Software or CAD is used to create, analyze, modify, or stimulate for optimizing design. Architects, engineers, and designers use it to create or modify designs in 2D or 3D that was impossible to be exhibited on paper. It transforms designs into codes that are understandable by the computer, resulting in viewing a designed object from various perspectives.

Different companies use different CAD software versions to carry out desired results for the company’s standards. CAD offers expandable features that can be used by companies working in various fields. This software facilitates conversion from design to construction process. Because of low-cost development and less time consumption, this software is gaining traction. Some of such software that is used in various industries shall be discussed here in details.
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About Civil Engineering

Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied to the efficient use of the materials and forces of nature. Engineers are the ones who have received professional training in pure and applied science. Before the middle of the 18th century, large-scale construction work was usually placed in the hands of military engineers. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of topographical maps, the location, design, and construction of roads and bridges; and the building of forts and docks; see Military Engineering below. In the 18th century, however, the term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed by civilians for nonmilitary purposes.

Civil engineering is the broadest of the engineering fields. Civil engineering focuses on the infrastructure of the world which include Waterworks, Sewers, Dams, Power Plants, Transmission Towers/Lines, Railroads, Highways, Bridges, Tunnels, Irrigation Canals, River Navigation, Shipping Canals, Traffic Control, Mass Transit, Airport Runways, Terminals, Industrial Plant Buildings, Skyscrapers, etc. Among the important subdivisions of the field are construction engineering, irrigation engineering, transportation engineering, soils and foundation engineering, geodetic engineering, hydraulic engineering, and coastal and ocean engineering.

Civil engineers build the world’s infrastructure. In doing so, they quietly shape the history of nations around the world. Most people can not imagine life without the many contributions of civil engineers to the public’s health, safety and standard of living. Only by exploring civil engineering’s influence in shaping the world we know today, can we creatively envision the progress of our tomorrows.

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Comments

3,821 comments on "Civil Engineering Home"

Syed Zain says:

sir m from pakistan i m student of civil engineering final year…kindly suggest me some universities which offer M.S program.

BIBHAS KAR says:

what subjects are included in Diploma in Civil Engineering after 10th ?

rahul yadav says:

app.chemistry,app. math,app. physics,app. mechanics surveying ,building construction construction materials
e.d, civil engg. drawing, hydraulics,strength material, concrete tecnology

deepak pandey says:

if you want to complete this from BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION U.P. then you have to read total 26 theoretical books in whole 3 years. PCM , mechanics, engg. drawing ,prof. comm. and building materials are the 7 subjects of your 1st year and then S.O.M. , civil engg. drawing 1st ,hydraulics, public health engg. , building const. , etc. are the subjects of your 2nd year.

Gaurav Baghel says:

all civil engg. subjects like as s.o.m,hydraulics,survey,r.c.c,p.h.e,d.s.m.s,structure, b.m.c,mechanics,road n transport,concrete technology etc. according to board of technical education……….

Alok Kr Tyagi says:

Concrete Mix Design M-40 With Rock Strong-43grade & Admixture Sikament Sp. Gravity Coarse aggregates – 2.677 & Fine aggregate – 2.615 & water absorption 20mm- 0.694,10mm-0.842 & sand-1.378, As Per Mort&h Target Strength -52 Mpa, Workability – (50-75)

suraj chauhan says:

how many % require to get job in outof india?

Nikhar says:

depends on which college u got the degree and also course..

ravi mishra says:

I m third year student of civil engineering,i m very much interested in rcc ,n interested in designing field,so i wanna know on which subject i stress more,n what are the options for me in designing field?

mosin says:

hi me too 3rd year …, design includes rcc, stuctural analysis I &II , foundation , estimation …., study well these subject and become a great civil engineer …. my best wishes…,!

ROHIT KUMAR VERMA says:

“i am also in civil engineering,i m also very much interested in rcc ,n interested in designing field,so i wanna know on w…”
have u get ans of this question…..then pls….give me the ans……plz……

ajar sharma says:

you have shared the list of the university in america for civil engineering…which one is the best for doing Ms in civil engineering…?

vikram syal says:

1st year= E.D, PCM,ENGLISH.
2ND YEAR = BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS,SURVEYING-1,BUILDING DRAWING,FLUID MECHANICS,APPLIED MECHANICS SURVEYING -2,WATER SUPPLY, SOIL AND FOUNDATION. IRRIGATION DRAWING,STRUCTURAL MECHANICS,
3RD YEAR= RAILWAYS BRIDGES AND TUNNELS, HIGHWAY,G.S.E.D,IRRIGATION, RCC. DRAWING.

ibrahim says:

strength of material, survey ,highway Engineering

apurv agrawal says:

hello,
i am presently in 12 class(pcm) . i am interested in construcion works nd making their models.
mainly in constrction of bridges and road,highways…..on which topic or subjects i should concentrate more…nd what to do after 12 class..pls explain.
thanku…

Raghavendra nayak says:

is it totally useful for construction?

buddhi srimal marasinghe says:

strength of material, survey ,highway Engineering

abhishek says:

hi…..i want a railway model for college exebition.please post me with diagrams

shivam pandey says:

i have done polytechnic diploma from civil. now i wanna know the procedure of admission in btech and syllabus of entrance exam in lateral entry. what should i study?

jitendra singh mandloi says:

plz sir i request soil classification ppt

deepak says:

sir,i am deepak(andhra pradesh) n i took civil branch in engineering.but my friends are telling me that civil is not the good subject and it is a hard subject and salaries also very low…please tell me whether the subject is easy n salaries are good or not compared to ece

nilay singh says:

sir,what is the importance of doing auto cad coaching for civil engineers and in which year of b.tech should we do it???

qaiyoom khan says:

i want to know that doing fire safety course (nebosh,osha) after civil engineering has any worth plz help

Mina maged says:

I’m egyption .i want to know what is the courses to a civil engineer?

ivykristea tayanes says:

hai ,,,, can you pls give me an idea for my thesis can you pls give me example of best topic for it??

ARUN KUMAR says:

i want to know how to make floating concrete

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